The orbits of Venus and Earth around the Sun cause Venus to pass across the face of the Sun (as seen from the Earth) periodically. The pattern is: two transits eight years apart, then a pause for 121.5 years, then repeat. In the 18th century, astronomers were only just starting to apply Newton’s laws of physics to the solar system. Because they did not have an easy yardstick to measure, they used the transits of Venus in the later part of that century to establish a benchmark for their calculations of the distances between the planets and the Sun.
This book on the Krueger Library retention list discusses those adventurous astronomers who traveled the globe at that time to get measurements of the transit. The observations by David Rittenhouse in 1769 in Philadelphia made him famous within the American colonies. Because of that work, he was selected to be the first endowed Chair in Astronomy at the University of Pennsylvania.
Woolf, Harry. The Transits of Venus; a Study of Eighteenth-Century Science.Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1959.
Recap: In 2022, twenty-four Minnesota libraries joined together in a commitment to retain over a half-million print books which are scarcely-held in Minnesota. It is called the Minnesota Shared Print Collection. This is one of the stories from the Winona State share of the collection.











The late Honorable Dennis Challeen, former municipal judge in Winona, wrote a collection of brief stories and meditations on the nature of life and justice, and it is on the Krueger Library’s retention list. He was a national advocate for restorative justice, as opposed to incarceration. He writes in his eighth story/meditation: “We know by conclusive research that locking up people to rehabilitate them doesn’t work; in fact, it makes most of them worse. … Punishment buys votes, but not public safety.”
In his very first story, he recounts that, when he imposed a stiff fine on a defendant, the defendant complained that if he had to pay that much, he would have to move in with the riff-raff living in the boathouses on Latsch Island. The rest of the courtroom burst into laughter, because Judge Challeen at the time lived in a boathouse on Latsch Island.
Challeen, Dennis A., and William Boughton. Swamp Water Jurisprudence: A Candid, Sometimes Humorous Journey into the Backwaters of the Criminal Mind and Our Criminal Justice System. Winona, MN: Swamp Water Press, 2007.
Recap: In 2022, twenty-four Minnesota libraries joined together in a commitment to retain over a half-million print books which are scarcely-held in Minnesota. It is called the Minnesota Shared Print Collection. This is one of the stories from the Winona State share of the collection.